PSpice Textual Description

1.INTRODUCTION :

The SPICE is a software which works as a tool for electronic circuit simulation.In actually it is short form of SIMULATION PROGRAM WITH INTEGRATED CIRCUIT EMPHASIS.

• General purpose circuit program which can calculate and simulate the performance of electrical and electronic circuits.

• Perform various analysis of circuits: operating point analysis, time-domain response, a small signal frequency response

• A circuit is described by a file known as circuit file and must be specified in terms of element names, element values, nodes, variable parameters, sources, and the commands for what to calculate and what to provide as output.

• The circuit file is the input file to the SPICE program which produces the output file.

In short form we can defined it as- It is a general purpose analog electronic circuit simulator. It is a powerful program that is used in IC and board-level design to check the integrity of circuit designs and to predict circuit behavior.

 

2.VERSIONS OF SPICE TOOL :

• SPICE3

• HSPICE

• PSPICE

• AIM-SPICE

 

3.PSPICE VERSION :

PSPICE : This popular version of SPICE, available from Orcad (now Cadence) runs under the PC platforms. An evaluation (student) version, which can handle small circuits with up to 10 transistors, is freely available. For a full fledged version or for more information, please contact Orcad.

 

4.PROCEDURAL STEPS FOR PSPICE TOOL :

-Description of the circuit to SPICE

-Type of analysis to be performed

-Define the required output variables

 

5.FEATURES AND STRUCTURE :

TYPES OF ANALYSIS :

* Non-linear DC analysis (.DC)

* Non-linear Transient analysis (.TRAN)

* Linear AC analysis (.AC)

* Noise analysis (.NOISE)

* Sensitivity analysis (.SENS)

* Bias Point (.OP)

* Fourier analysis (.FOUR)

* Small Signal DC Transfer function (.TF)

* Others

.DC(DC ANALYSIS) :

Purpose : The .DC command performs a linear, logarithmic, or nested DC sweep analysis on the circuit. The DC sweep analysis calculates the circuit’s bias point over a range of values for<sweep variable name>.

General form .DC [LIN] <sweep variable name>+ <start value> <end value> <increment value>

+ [nested sweep specification]

.TRAN(TRANSIENT ANALYSIS) :

Purpose : The .TRAN command causes a transient analysis to be performed on the circuit and specifies the time period for the analysis.

General form : .TRAN[/OP] <print step value> <final time value>+[no-print value [step ceiling value]

.AC(AC ANALYSIS) :

Purpose : The .AC command calculates the frequency response of a circuit over a range of frequencies.

General form .AC <sweep type> <points value>+ <start frequency value> <end frequency value>

NOTE : <sweep type>-Must be LIN, OCT, or DEC.

<points value>-Specifies the number of points in the sweep, using an integer.

.OP(BIAS POINTS) :

Purpose : The .OP command causes detailed information about the bias point to be printed.

General form: .OP

NOTE : Using a .OP command can cause the small-signal (linearized) parameters of all the nonlinear controlled sources and all the semiconductor devices to be printed in the output file.

.TF(TRANSFER ANALYSIS) :

Purpose : The .TF command/statement causes the small-signal DC gain to be calculated by linearizing the circuit around the bias point.

General form: .TF <output variable> <input source name>

 

6.DEVICE MODELS :

* Analog device models

* Digital device models

 

 

*ANALOG DEVICES *

LetterDevice Type
BGaAsFET
CCapacitor
DDiode
EVoltage-controlled voltage source
FCurrent-controlled current source
GVoltage-controlled current source
HCurrent-controlled voltage source
IIndependent current source & stimulus
JJunction FET
KInductor coupling (and magnetic core)
KTransmission line coupling
LInductor
MMOSFET
NDigital input (N device)
ODigital output (O device)
QBipolar transistor
RResistor
SVoltage-controlled switch
TTransmission line
UDigital primitive summary
U STIMStimulus devices
VIndependent voltage source & stimulus
WCurrent-controlled switch
XSubcircuit instantiation
ZIGBT

 

 

*DIGITAL DEVICES*

Behavioral primitives
Bidirectional transfer gates
Delay line
Digital input (N device)
Digital output (O device)
File stimulus
Flip-flops and latches
Input/output model
Multi-bit A/D and D/A converter
Programmable logic array
Pullup and pulldown
Random access read-write memory
Read only memory
Standard gates
Stimulus generator
Tristate gates

 

7.INPUTS AND OUTPUT FORMAT :
* Basically, SPICE operates like this:

1. Describe a circuit in a text file (“.cir” extension) called a netlist OR draw the circuit using graphical symbols on a schematic page.

2. Run a simulation. SPICE reads the net list and then performs the requested analysis: AC, DC, or TRANSIENT RESPONSE. The results are stored in a text output file (“.out” extension) or a binary data file.

3. View the results of the simulation in a text output file ( “.out” ) using a text editor. Most SPICE programs provide a graphical viewer to plot the waveforms stored in the binary data file.

INPUT CONTROL:

* MODELS : In this section we describe the models for elements using in the circuit. We have described type of models earlier.

* ANALYSIS : In this part give the type of analysis, what you want to find?

We have described type of analysis earlier.

OUTPUTS CONTROL:

• .PLOT (plot)- The .PLOT command causes results from DC, AC, noise, and transient analyses to be line printer plots in the output file.

General form :.PLOT <analysis type> [output variable]+( [<lower limit value> , <upper limit value>] )

• .PRINT (print)- The .PRINT command allows results from DC, AC, noise, and transient analyses to be an output in the form of tables, referred to as print tables in the output file.

General form : .PRINT[/DGTLCHG] <analysis type> [output variable]

• .PROBE (probe)- The .PROBE command writes the results from DC, AC, and transient analyses to a data file used by Probe.

General form : .PROBE[/CSDF][output variable]

• .END (end of the circuit)-The .END command marks the end of the circuit. All the data and every other command must come before it. When the .END command is reached, PSpice does all the specified analyses on the circuit.

 

8.POINTS TO BE REMEMBER BEFORE STARTING PSPICE :
• PSpice is not case sensitive

• All element names must be unique

• There must be a node designated “0” (Zero). This is the reference node against which all voltages are calculated.

• If any change is made in circuit make sure you create netlist again before simulating it.

• After completing the circuit save it and run it.

• Plot appropriate waveform by probing on circuit.

How to simulate a PSpice project

Simple Steps to run a PSpice simulation project.

If you have properly executed installation in the file pspiceev.ini you can read the path where you  installed the libraries:

 

After installing the program and libraries, run the program:

 

 This is the OrCAD Capture Student version :

Unpack the purchased project wherever you want, and click “Open document” icon to open the project:

 

biasnpnschematic

 

Check libraries path you indicated during installation:

Now we can run the simulation:

transanalysis

 

If you wish to add markers for voltages and currents select  “Markers” in the menu “PSpice”:

 

Create an .Olb library from a .Lib library

It can happen to have a mathematical description of a model of an electronic component, without a corresponding symbolic library.

On Capture it’s possible start a process to create the .olb library associated with the corresponding .lib.

Let’s open with “PSpice Model Editor” the .lib library:

 

We ‘ll see on the left, the list of the models in the library and on the right the syntax description of each model highlighted:

 

editmodel

 

From the “File” menu select “Create Capture Parts …”

 

 

Automatically it creates the name of the library .olb which must be equal to .lib name and suggest the directory of the library .lib. If we agree with this location, simply click on OK.

 

Getting Started with PSpice

A simple getting started Capture and PSpice A/D tutoria, let’s design a transistor biased with 4 resistors.

Start creating a new project:

select “Analog or Mixed A/D” and give a name to the project:

 

We can create a directory after selecting “Browse” or we can save the project in an existing directory:

 

Convert an .sch project in a .opj project

Let’s see how to convert with ORCAD Capture a project designed with Schematics.First thing, import the file. sch, from menu “File” select “Import Design …”

 

select for example a project called trifase.sch

 

 

At this point it appears a window that suggest same file .sch with opj extension in the same directory, maintain the settings and click OK

 

 

It begins the process of conversion at the end of which we can see on the left project trifase.opj with the typical ORCAD Capture structure.

 

Clicking twice on it we open schematic of the project ready to be simulated

 

readytosimulate

Getting Started with OrCAD PCB Designer

A basic introduction to

Cadence OrCAD PCB Designer

Version 16.3

Professor John H. Davies

Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK Email: jdavies@elec.gla.ac.uk

2011 October 6

Contents

Preamble  

1    Introduction   

2    One-transistor amplifier:  Schematic capture    

3    OrCAD PCB Editor    

 Preamble

This document introduces the basic features of OrCAD PCB Designer. It is aimed primarily at novices with limited experience of construction who have never designed a PCB before. For this reason I concentrate on pin-through-hole devices (although surface-mount devices are no more difficult) on single and double-sided boards. I strongly recommend Mitzner’s book [1] instead if you are an experienced designer, interested in more advanced PCBs for commercial production.

Other readers may be experienced users of OrCAD Layout who are obliged to switch to PCB Editor; I hope that they don’t feel that their intelligence is insulted! I’ve highlighted some of the most significant differences between Layout and PCB Editor. (I think that PCB Designer refers to the complete suite while PCB Editor is the specific application for editing PCBs but it’s not entirely clear.)

I adapted this document from an introductory class and have removed several features that are unlikely to be of interest to most readers. For example, we have developed a local library of footprints for PCBs constructed by students. The pads are enlarged to allow easy soldering and the symbols contain features to discourage common design errors, such as tracks to inaccessible pads underneath connectors.  However, I’ve retained the instructions to produce photomasks directly with the Plot command, rather than with Gerber files.  This is helpful if you make PCBs in-house by traditional processes, which is often the case for student projects.
Differences  between versions 16.0, 16.2 and 16.3

Version 16.3 of OrCAD was released in late 2009, following 16.2 in late 2008. The What’s New document exceeds 90 pages but most of the changes aren’t relevant to an introductory tutorial. Here are the most important new features in version 16.2.

• The appearance of Capture has been updated to match PCB Editor.  Buttons are now larger and their purpose is sometimes clearer. A bar of tabs can be used to switch between windows.

• Cross-probing between Capture and PCB Editor has been improved.

• The Plot command can leave drill holes open, which may be helpful for PCBs drilled by hand.

• The software is installed in the same way, regardless of whether you have a licence or not.

Applications simply run in demonstration mode if they cannot find a licence. The demo version is a great improvement on previous editions but the installer has a peculiarity: you are forced to specify a licence server even if you wish to use only the demo mode. A bogus server such as 5280@localhost should get around this problem.

This tutorial is affected less by changes from 16.2 to 16.3.

• A board can now be ‘flipped’ (viewed from underneath rather than from the top) and rotated in 3D but this is of limited value for the simple designs described here.

• Jumpers have been added to assist the design of single-sided boards.

• The autorouter is now called Allegro (or OrCAD) PCB Router rather than SPECCTRA.

Board files written by version 16.3 of PCB Editor cannot be read by version 16.2, nor can those written by 16.2 be read by version 16.0. (This contradicts the statement in Getting Started with Physical Design that ‘Allegro PCB Editor databases are backward-compatible with their major version number (the number to the left of the dot)’.) Use the menu item File > Export  > Save design to 16.2. . .  (or 16.01. . . ) to write a file compatible with an earlier version. (The jargon is to downrev the design.) I have not yet updated this document for version 16.5.

1     Introduction

The Cadence OrCAD PCB Designer suite comprises three main applications.

• Capture is used to draw the circuit on the screen (schematic capture). A netlist, which describes the components and their interconnections, is the link to PSpice and PCB Edi- tor.

• PSpice simulates a captured circuit. I do not describe PSpice in this tutorial.

• PCB Editor (Allegro) is the application for laying out a printed circuit board. It includes an automatic router that works out the arrangement of tracks needed to connect the com- ponents on the PCB. The output from PCB Editor is a plot or a set of files that can be sent to a manufacturer.

The overall design flow for making a PCB is shown in figure 1.

PCB Editor replaces the earlier application, Layout, which is now discontinued. OrCAD PCB Designer is the most basic version of Cadence’s Allegro suite for PCB design and much of the documentation refers to ‘Allegro’ rather than ‘PCB Editor’.
Fixup.   The libraries for Capture and PCB Editor have some incompatibilities that must be corrected by Fixups. I hope to find smoother ways around these difficulties in the future.

designflow

Figure 1. Design flow for making a PCB with Capture and PCB Editor. The three paths for PCB Editor depend on whether the tracks are drawn manually (as in the first design), automat- ically within PCB Editor, or by running the autorouter as a separate application.

1.1     Libraries, files, directories and design rules

Three types of information are needed for each component, corresponding to the three main applications listed above.

• Electrical  symbols are used to draw the circuit in Capture.

• Electrical  models allow you to simulate the circuit in PSpice.

• Footprints or package  symbols show the physical size and shapes of the pads (where the pins are soldered to the board) and the outline of the package. They are used to lay out the circuit in PCB Editor.

These are stored in different sets of libraries and you must select the files needed for a particular design. Footprints are needed as well as electrical symbols because components with the same electrical behaviour come in different packages. For example, an integrated circuit might come in two versions:

• a traditional, plastic dual-in-line package (PDIP) with pins 0.100  apart

• a smaller, surface-mount device (SMD) with pins only 0.5 mm apart, if it has pins at all

The opposite is also true: resistors of a particular shape come in a wide range of values.

Further information is needed to describe the characteristics of the printed circuit board on which the components are mounted. The details are important for high-speed designs but we need to know only the number of layers of copper, called etch in PCB Designer. This tutorial covers only single-sided boards, which have components on top and copper on the bottom, and double-sided boards, which have copper on both surfaces but usually components only on the top. Fancier boards often have two internal planes of copper used for power and ground; complex designs need further layers.

Design rules are required to lay out the circuit on the PCB. The full details are complex but the basic rules specify the minimum width of tracks and the gap between them. Manufacturers often express these numbers in the format 10/8, meaning minimum widths of 10 for tracks and

8 for gaps (although the numbers are usually the same). The units are almost always mils, which mean thousands of an inch; see section 2.5 on page 10. I use 25/25 rules in this tutorial, which are extremely coarse but produce boards that are easy for inexperienced students to solder.

Further design rules control a diverse range of features, such as the spacing between tracks and pads, whether vias are permitted and the impedance of tracks (they act like transmission lines at high frequency). These rules are adjusted with the Constraint Manager, which we’ll encounter in section 4.4 on page 29.

Fixup.  Older versions of OrCAD prefer designs to be stored in OrCAD_Data rather than My Documents and may reject filenames that contain spaces. If you get inexplicable errors about unexpected arguments or incomplete file names, try copying the design to OrCAD_Data and

removing spaces from the names of all directories and files.

1.2     Help!

All programs provide extensive online help. Many commands in PCB Editor have names that are not obviously related to the corresponding item on the menus so I have pointed these out.

 

2     One-transistor amplifier: Schematic  capture

The first design is a one-transistor amplifier. It has only a few components and will be laid out on a huge board to make the routing straightforward: The challenge is to learn the software. The initial step is to draw the circuit in Capture.

Capture treats each circuit design as a project and a project manager shows the logical relation between the files required. It is essential to create a new directory for each project. Strange errors can occur if you have more than one project in a directory, from which it seems impossible to recover. It also keeps your work organised. OrCAD creates a subdirectory for PSpice files and an allegro subdirectory for PCB files.  You should know this by now but a reminder is never a bad idea: Save your  work  frequently and  take  regular backups  of important circuits.

Note.  I have wasted hours trying to reconstruct projects where students have not obeyed the rule of one project per directory! I don’t know why they find it so difficult.

Select Start  > Programs > OrCAD  16.2  > OrCAD  Capture.  I use ‘>’ throughout this document to show the levels of a hierarchical menu.  There will be a short delay while the software is loaded and the licence server is accessed. Alternatively, you will be asked if you wish to use Demo mode if no licence can be found. The screen then shows the OrCAD Capture main window with a menu bar and various toolbars. A sub-window at the bottom shows the session log; its title may be hard to find if the window has been docked. Version 16.3 offers different ways of controlling the windows; right-click in a title bar.
2.1     Create a project

The first step in OrCAD is always to create a project.

1. Create a new directory in Windows to hold all files for the project.

2. Select File > New > Project from the menu bar of Capture.

3. In the New Project dialog box:

• Select an Analog or Mixed A/D project if you wish to simulate the circuit. You could use the PC  Board  Wizard  or Schematic options if you don’t want to simulate the circuit, in which case the steps differ slightly from my description.

• Click on the Browse key and navigate to the new directory that you created for this design. Click OK.

• Give the project a meaningful name.

• The path and directory now show in the location box (if you can see them – they are usually too long). Click OK in the New Project dialog box.

• Click Next.

4. Select the Create a blank  project button in the small dialog box that appears and click

OK.

5. Your project will now be created. The Project Manager window at the top left shows the files associated with your design and the resources used, such as library files. Its title is the full pathname of your project, which is usually far too long to fit. Make the File tab active if necessary.

6. Expand the Design Resources folder in the project, then the design (called ./project- name.dsn, where project-name is the name of your project), then the SCHEMATIC1 folder and finally double-click PAGE1 to open the schematic page for your design. Lo- cate the Title box in the lower right-hand corner, double-click on the placeholders, which are in angle brackets <>, and replace them with a descriptive title and so on.

onetransistoramplifier

Figure  2.  Schematic drawing of a simple, one-transistor amplifier. The pin numbers on the electrolytic capacitor are not normally visible but are shown to illustrate a fixup later.

2.2     Draw the circuit

Draw the circuit shown in figure 2. The names of the components are listed in table 1; I’ve renamed some of them to make their functions clearer. I assume that you are familiar with Capture but here are a few tips to help.

Jargon: The label that identifies each component on the schematic drawing is called its refer- ence or refdes, short for reference designator. For example, the transistor has refdes Q1. Each

refdes must be unique: No other component can be called Q1.
• I used libraries from the pspice folder so that the circuit could be simulated although I do not describe that here.  Basic components like resistors are in the analog library. The connectors are in the connector library, which is in the directory one level above the pspice directory (OrCAD16.3/tools/capture/library/). Use Search if you can’t guess where a component is located. You may need to do this for the transistor.

If you have no intention of simulating the circuit you might prefer to use components from the discrete library instead of pspice/analog. This avoids a problem with the num- bering of pins that will arise shortly.

• The capacitor C2 is an electrolytic type, which must be installed with the correct polarity or it will explode. One of its plates on the schematic is therefore labelled with a + sign and must be connected to a positive voltage. (Its pin numbers are also shown because of a fixup later.) The parameter CMAX is the maximum working voltage of the capacitor, which is not needed for simulation but important when you pick out the real component. I set it to 16 V, which is a common value.

• Always join components with wires, not by placing them so close that their pins overlap.

This can cause strange errors.

Table 1. Components, names in Capture and footprints for the one-transistor amplifier. These are taken from the library supplied with PCB Designer. The names are not case-sensitive.

 table1

• Wires and components sometimes become joined incorrectly if you move them about.

Use Place > Junction or the junction tool from the toolbar on the right to eliminate spurious connections.

• Include connectors for all wires that leave the PCB. This includes inputs, outputs and the power supplies. It is a good idea to change the ‘values’ of connectors to make them more descriptive than the defaults, for example Input rather than HEADER  2. Do not edit the reference, such as J1.

• Add text to label the pins of each connector.

Print the drawing sheet: You will need this soon to guide the layout of your PCB. This circuit takes up only a small part of the page so it is a good idea to choose File > Print Area  > Set  and mark out a rectangle that includes only the part of the page that you wish to print. Check the circuit carefully – it is much easier to correct mistakes at this stage.

Note. The Place Part  dialog box is a pop-out panel in version 16.3 and its appearance has been modified considerably from the traditional version. The functionality is unchanged. Click on the ‘pin’ icon in the title bar to fix it if you prefer.

Some students change the Reference (J1 or J2) of the connectors to Input or Output instead of changing the Value  (HEADER  2 or HEADER  3). This upsets the netlister later.

2.3     Preparation for PCB layout

The procedure to this point should be familiar if you have used Capture with PSpice. A few extra steps are needed to prepare the schematic for a PCB.

Fixup.  The electrolytic capacitor C_elect in the pspice/analog library is incompatible with its footprint. The pins of the footprint are numbered 1, 2 but those of the capacitor are p, n. This means that the software cannot match the capacitor to its footprint. Edit the electrolytic capacitor and change the numbers of its pins to resolve this.

1. Select the electrolytic capacitor and choose Edit > Part  from the menu bar. A window opens with an enlarged view of the capacitor.

 editpart

Figure 3. Edit Part window and Pin Properties dialogue box for correcting the numbering of the pins of the electrolytic capacitor.

2. The positive pin is shown as a circle on the left. Select it and and choose Edit > Proper- ties. . . . This brings up the Pin Properties dialogue box, shown in figure 3.

3. Change the Number to 1 and click OK. Don’t worry about the name of the pin.

4. The negative pin is shown as a red line on the right. Change its Number to 2.

5. Choose File > Close.  You have the choice of updating this part alone, or all ‘part in- stances’ – that means all C_elect components in your design.  There is only one so it doesn’t matter whether you choose Update Current or Update All in this case.

I made the pin numbers visible for the electrolytic capacitor in figure 2 as a reminder of this fixup. You need not do this.

This problem can be avoided by using components from the discrete library instead, which is in the directory one level above the pspice directory. However, these components are not associated with pspice models and therefore cannot be used for simulation.

The main task in preparing the design for layout is to associate a footprint with each com- ponent. The footprint shows the physical outline of the components including the copper pads to which the pins are soldered. Most pads are either circular or oval except for pin 1, which has square corners to identify it. The components in many Capture libraries have footprints already but unfortunately they are mostly wrong. We must therefore enter the correct footprints, which are listed in table 1 for this circuit. Don’t muddle the letter ‘o’ with the numeral ‘0’. The whole business of assigning footprints is unnecessary if you have a database of components in Capture CIS.

1. Drag the cursor over your schematic drawing so that all the components are enclosed in a rectangle. Do not include the title box.

2. Choose Edit > Properties. . .  from the menu bar, which brings up the Properties spread- sheet.

3. Type each name into the PCB  Footprint field of the Properties spreadsheet.  All the resistors have same footprint so use copy and paste for speed.
Tip for Layout users:  PCB Designer comes with a small library of footprints compared with the extensive libraries that were provided with Layout. I’ve been told that this is because most users have their own libraries. Where there is a need, somebody will offer a service: Online libraries of footprints are available – for a fee.

PCB Editor has no convenient way of copying the names of footprints into Capture from a library, as in Layout.. PCB Editor also

lacks anything like the library manager in Layout.

2.4     Design rules check

The next step is a Design Rules Check to ensure that no errors have been introduced.

1. Click on the Project Manager window and highlight your design (with extension .dsn).

2. Select Tools  > Design Rules Check. . .  from the menu bar.

3. Under Design Rules select both Run  Electrical Rules (probably selected already) and

Run  Physical Rules (probably not).

4. Click OK. A dialog box may report One  or more  errors or warnings were  encountered.

Do you  wish  to view the  messages in the  session log?   Agree to this and review the report in the Session log window. No positive message is given to confirm that all rules have been passed successfully, just an absence of complaints. Ask for help if you do not understand a message – don’t just ignore it.

5. Return to your drawing and correct any errors, shown by green circles (a strange choice of colour). Repeat until the Design Rules Check runs silently.

6. You may wish to run the Design Rules Check and select Action > Delete existing DRC

markers to get rid of the green circles. They do not vanish by themselves.
2.5     Make a bare  board in PCB Editor

The simplest way of creating a PCB is first to set up an empty PCB, then to add your compo- nents and connections to the board. This follows the design flow shown in figure.

First create a directory allegro within your directory for the current project.  PCB Editor likes to keep its files here. Choose Start  > Programs > OrCAD  16.3  > OrCAD  PCB  Editor, which opens the OrCAD PCB  Designer application (Cadence seem muddled about the name). I’ll leave the details of the interface until later because we need only one dialogue box for this step.

Choose File > New. . .  from the menu. In the first dialogue box, set the Drawing Type  to Board  (wizard).  Click Browse. . . , navigate to your new allegro directory and give the board a name such as bare.brd. Click Open then OK to bring up the new board wizard. This takes you

through several screens to define the parameters of the PCB. Some of these are obvious, such as the size of the board, while others set up the design rules – the width of tracks on the PCB, how much space must be left between them, and so on.

1. The first screen is purely descriptive. Read it, then click Next >.

2. This asks for a board template. We don’t have one so select No (probably the default)

and click Next >.

3. You are next asked for a ‘tech’ file. This is short for a technology file, which specifies the design rules. Again we don’t have one so select No and click Next >.

4. This asks for a board symbol. Select No again and click Next >.

5. We now reach the screens for the parameters that must be set up.  The units should be Mils.  These are not millimeters but the American term for thousandths of an inch;

1 mm ? 40 mils. All dimensions are given in these units so get used to them.

Leave the drawing size at A. This is an American size but you aren’t allowed European

A4 if the units are mils. Leave the origin at the centre.

6. Set the grid spacing to be 100 mils.

The Etch layer  count  is the number of copper layers on the board – the number of layers of tracks for signals and power. Leave this at 2, although we shall use only one layer in the first design.

Select Generate default artwork  films, which is the default.

7. Leave the names of the layers as Top and Bottom  and their types as Routing Layer.

8. Enter 25 for the Minimum  Line  width  (in mils).  This value propagates into the other boxes. It means 0.02500  or about 0.64 mm, which is very wide for a track nowadays but makes the board easy to solder by hand.

For the Default  via padstack, click on the button with . . .  and choose Via26. This design is far too simple to need vias, which carry a signal from one layer of the PCB to another, but they may be required later.

9. Rectangular board (it’s curious that a circular board is the default).

10. Enter a width of 3000 and height of 2000 mils. This defines the board outline as 300 × 200.

There is no corner cutoff.

Specify the Route keepin distance as 100.  A keepin means that objects must be kept inside the specified region.  In this case it means that tracks cannot go any closer than

100 mils to the edge of the board. It gives a border around the PCB to aid handling and manufacture. (We’ll encounter keepouts as well later.)

Set the Package keepin distance to 250. Components must be placed within this keepin and therefore cannot be closer than 250 mils to the edge of the board. The gap between the two keepins allows you to run tracks around the outside of all the components, which is often helpful on a more complicated board (although hardly necessary here).

 createnetlist

Figure 4. Completed dialogue box for netlisting the design and sending it to PCB Editor. Your file names will be different.

11. Click Finish  – that’s it.

This has set up the design rules and made an empty board, which you can see in the design window of PCB Editor, shown in figure 5. Three rectangles are visible for the board outline, route keepin and package keepin. Choose File > Save and close PCB Editor.

The next step is to return to Capture and send the circuit to PCB Editor so that it can be added to the bare board.

Tip for Layout users:  PCB Designer does not come with a library of technology files, as did

Layout. Cadence expect you to have your own. Fortunately it is easy to export a tech file from a board file that you have set up to your liking;

2.6     Create a netlist

The information about your design is sent from Capture to PCB Editor in the form of a netlist, which contains a description of the circuit and its components.  (The netlist comprises three files but you rarely need to look at them.)

1. Highlight your design (the object whose name ends in .dsn)  in the Project Manager window of Capture.

2. Select Tools > Create Netlist. . .  from the menu bar, which brings up the dialogue box in figure 4. Make sure that the PCB  Editor tab is active.

3. Confirm that the PCB Footprint box contains PCB Footprint and that the box underneath for Create PCB  Editor Netlist is selected.

4. Under Options, the Netlist  Files  Directory  should be shown as allegro.   Select Create or Update PCB  Editor Board  (Netrev). Netrev is the application that merges the netlist, footprints and other information into the database used by PCB Editor, hence its central position in figure 1.

5. For Input Board  File, choose the bare board that you have just set up. Click on the ‘. . . ’

button to navigate.

6. The Output Board  File usually shows something sensible automatically; edit it if not. It should use the new allegro directory.

7. Under Board  Launching Option,  select Open Board  in OrCAD  PCB  Editor  if your li- cence doesn’t cover the full version of Allegro.

8. The entries in the dialogue box should now resemble figure 4 except for the pathnames. Click OK to dismiss this dialog box and start the netlister.

You are warned that your design will be saved by Capture, then a Progress box shows the various processes needed: Netlisting  the  design followed by Updating OrCAD  PCB  Editor Board.  PCB Editor is then launched with your new board.

• You may see a Warning box, which tells you that Netrev succeeded  with warnings.

Check the Session Log if this happens.  Messages about RVMAX and CMAX can be ignored; these are maximum voltage ratings of the components and are not important for this circuit. Pay attention to any others!

• OrCAD PCB Editor gives you a warning that Database was last saved by a higher tier tool, which you can ignore.

You should now see your empty board outline on the screen of PCB Editor again; the compo- nents have been added to the database but are not yet visible.

Note. The netlister in some versions of 16.x has a nasty bug (the pxllite bug). The symptoms are that the Netlist  Files  Directory  does not show as allegro automatically in figure 4 and that nothing happens when you run the netlister – not even an error mes- sage.  Netlisting for PCB Editor must be performed once on each computer by a user with administrator privileges before it will work for anybody else.

PCB Editor is almost always launched even if there was a fatal error during netlisting: It is vital to check the session log.  Many students don’t bother, and discover only later that components are missing.

Check the search paths if PCB Editor complains that it can’t find components. This shouldn’t occur if you use the standard libraries but may arise with local libraries. Choose Setup > User Preferences. . .  from the menu bar, which brings up the User Preferences Editor, then look at

Design_paths in the list of Categories. ?
Tip for Layout  users:  This process is similar to creating a netlist in Layout – it just uses a different tab in the Create Netlist dialogue box.

Where are my components? Layout automatically displays the components on screen, ready for you to move on the PCB. Allegro does not do this: You must place them yourself.  The Quickplace command achieves the same effect

as Layout.

Single and double-sided board with PCB Designer

A basic introduction to

Cadence OrCAD PCB Designer

Version 16.3

Professor John H. Davies

Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK Email: jdavies@elec.gla.ac.uk

2011 October 6

Contents

4    Instrumentation amplifier – single-sided board   

5    Instrumentation amplifier – double-sided  board

6    Artwork and drill files

4     Instrumentation amplifier  – single-sided board

The second design is an instrumentation amplifier based on three op-amps, shown in figure 11.  In practice it is unlikely that the circuit would be built using three sepa- rate packages with single op-amps as in this design. Complete instrumentation amplifiers are available in 8-pin packages. Even if these were unsuitable, a quad package that contains four op-amps could be used although these lack the pins for trimming the offset voltage.

This design cannot be saved in the demonstration version of PCB Editor, which is limited to 10 components. Try omitting the decoupling capacitors, R1 and R3.


instrumentationamplifier

Figure 11. Instrumentation amplifier based on three op-amps. The label NC = 8 on the op-amps is not normally visible and will be explained later.

4.1     Schematic capture

Create a new directory for this design, as always, and start a new project in Capture. Place the components on the schematic but do not connect them yet.  The only unfamiliar component should be the potentiometer, which is called POT – search for it.

Power supply rails are normally hidden to simplify schematic drawings.  Here the power pins of the opamps are connected to named power symbols. Capture considers all power sym- bols with the same name to be connected together. Ground (earth) symbols work in the same way. (Often the power pins themselves are hidden and connected purely by name.) Connect the power supplies as follows.

1. Select Place > Power. . .   or click the power symbol button on the toolbar and select

VCC_CIRCLE from the CAPSYM  library.  Use the same symbol for both +15 V and

?15 V supplies.  Place one near each power pin, mirror it vertically if necessary and connect it to the pin with a short wire.

2. Double-click the name of each power symbol in turn and change the name to VCC for positive and VEE for negative supplies respectively. This is a standard usage (but there are many others).  Check the orientation of the op-amps carefully! Some are mirrored vertically to make the circuit clearer and this reverses the power connections as well.

3. In the same way, select Place > Ground. . .  or click the ground button. Use GND from CAPSYM  for the ground (earth) symbols.  These symbols must have the same name throughout your drawing or they will not be linked.

Wire the components and add text to identify the pins of the two connectors.

Table 2. Components and footprints for the instrumentation amplifier.

Two of the op-amps have unconnected pins. These pins are intentionally unused because they are for offset adjustment and it is only necessary to do this on one op-amp. PCB Editor must be told about this, otherwise it assumes that you omitted the connections by mistake and flags an error. Show that the pins are deliberately unconnected by choosing Place > No Connect from the menu bar or clicking the appropriate button, then clicking on the pins.  A small cross appears as in figure 11. PCB Editor requires every pin to be connected or explicitly marked as not connected.

Next enter the footprints. Table 2 shows suitable choices from the Cadence library for the new components.

Fixup.   Incompatibilities between Capture and PCB Editor must again be corrected before making the netlist. First, the pins of the electrolytic capacitors are wrongly numbered.

Fixup. A new problem is that only 7 pins are defined on the electrical symbols for the op-amps but the package has 8 pins. You might hope that the software would assume that undefined pins are not connected but it does not: It must be told this formally.

1. Select one of the op-amps and choose Edit > Part,  which brings up the Part Editor.

2. Choose Options > Part  Properties… , which brings up the list of User Properties.

3. Click the New…  button. Give the new property the name NC, which stands for No Con- nect, and the value 8, which is the number of the unconnected pin. (Use a list separated by commas, such as 7,8, if more pins are not connected.)

4. Click OK to get rid of the dialog boxes and close the Part Editor. Click OKChoose Update All so that this change is applied to all LF411 parts in your design.

I have made the NC property visible on the schematic in figure 11 , which therefore shows NC = 8, but you would probably not do this in practice.

Run a Design Rules Check and correct any errors. Print your schematic when it has been completed and survived the DRC.

Figure 12. Quickplaced components for instrumentation amplifier just above board outline.

4.2     Create the PCB and place the components

Remember to make an allegro directory first. Set up the board as before but make it 3.500 × 2.500, which gives you plenty of room for the larger number of components. Save the board and quit from PCB Editor. Back in Capture, create a netlist and send the design to PCB Editor as before.  Check the Session Log:  Ignore any warnings about RVMAX but investigate any others.

We’ll place the components using a different technique this time. Choose Place > Quick- place. . .  from the menu bar. The defaults should be suitable (Place all components, Around package keepin, Top). Click Place then OK. Your components are now arranged at the top of the board as shown in figure 12, ready for you to move them into position. (OrCAD Layout did this automatically.)

Move the components onto the board, arrange them to resemble the schematic drawing and adjust them to make the ratsnest simple with as few crossings as possible (it is not possible to eliminate all of the crossings). This step is really important.  It is easy to route the tracks on a well-placed board; conversely, a poorly-placed board needs long, convoluted tracks or may even be unroutable.

Run a Design Rules Check when the components have all been placed and save your board.

Note.  Some students complain that Quickplace has not placed their components. The usual problem is that the screen has been zoomed to fit the board but the components are above the board and therefore out of sight!

Sometimes PCB Editor hides the ratsnests for the power and ground nets; it depends on how the nets were configured in Capture.


constraintmanager

Figure 13. Constraint manager after changing the widths of the three power nets.

4.3     Add mounting holes

Most PCBs need to be mounted inside a piece of equipment and therefore need holes for fixings. Mounting holes and similar features are called mechanical symbols and are placed in a slightly different way from electronic components because they are not part of the netlist.

1. Select Place > Manually. . .   to open the Placement dialogue box, bring the Advanced Settings tab forward and choose to Display definitions from Library. This is necessary because the symbols are not in the database imported from Capture.

2. Return to the Placement List tab and select Mechanical symbols from the drop-down list.

3. Use the same procedure as before to place a MTG156 symbol near each corner of the board. This is a hole of diameter 156 mils or   5  00. Do not place the holes too close to the

edge or the board may break when it is drilled.

4.4     Preparation for routing

Power tracks are usually made wider than signal tracks because they have to carry more current. Our tracks are already so wide that it’s barely necessary but we’ll do it for future reference.

1. Choose Setup > Constraints > Physical. . .     from the menu bar.  This brings up the

Constraint Manager and a Tip of the Day if you are unlucky (sigh).

2. The left-hand part of the window shows the various properties that can be edited. Click on All Layers under Net. See figure 13 for guidance.

3. The design part of the window now shows a list of the nets in your design. Most of them have random-looking numbers, such as N17311, but a few are named. These are the nets that carry power, to which we assigned names in Capture: VCC, VEE and GND_POWER or something similar, depending on the symbol that you chose.

4. Change the minimum width for these three nets from 25 to 50 mil.  These are in the column under Line Width and Min.

5. Choose File > Close to return to PCB Editor.

Save a copy of your board before routing so that you can use it for double-sided routing.

4.5     Autorouting a single-sided  board

The instrumentation amplifier is simple enough that it is easy to route the tracks by hand and this gives the best layout. However, manual routing is impracticable for large boards and we shall therefore use the autorouter to gain experience of the procedure. You will do this twice: first as a single-sided board as in the one-transistor amplifier, and later as a double-sided board. It is possible to route all tracks on the single-sided board if you have laid it out well but the double-sided board should have a simpler layout with a smaller total length of track.

Two approaches are available for routing the board automatically, both shown in figure 1: Everything can be done from within PCB Editor or you can run the router as a separate application. The first is more convenient but the second offers finer control.

Autorouting may not be possible with the demonstration version of PCB Editor.

Autorouting from within PCB Editor

Choose Route > PCB  Router > Route Automatic. . .  from the menu bar. This brings up the Automatic Router dialogue box shown in figure 14.  Unfortunately it often causes a fatal error message that SPECCTRA quit unexpectedly with an  exit code of 3, in which case you must use the other method.

Note. I have no idea what causes this; some computers in a classroom work while others fail, despite a nominally identical installation.

Select Use  smart router for the Strategy. For a single-sided board deselect the box next to the TOP Routing Subclass. You might wish to experiment with the Routing Direction for the bottom layer. Click Route and wait for the results to come back. Use the Results button to get a report on the routing and check the Completion percentage to ensure that all nets were routed successfully. Confirm this with Display  > Status. . .  and save your board.

If you can’t locate DRC errors, choose Tools  > Quick  Reports > Design Rules Check

Report from the menu bar. This gives a table of all errors including hyperlinks to their location.

After all tracks have been successfully routed, choose Route > Gloss. . .   from the menu bar. Glossing means to tidy up the design. This includes spreading tracks apart where possible and replacing 90° corners by 45° bends (mitering). Accept the defaults and gloss your design. Finally, use Tools  > Quick  Reports > Etch  Length by Layer  Report to find the lengths of the tracks and add them up. In general, a better design has shorter tracks.

Figure 14. Dialog box for running the autorouter from within PCB Editor.

Note. The gloss command occasionally appears to unroute some of the tracks, which revert to lines of ratsnest. Use View > Refresh to redraw the display and check carefully. Abandon the

glossing if it has damaged your routing.

Autorouting with OrCAD PCB Router

Use the manual equivalent of the flow described in the previous section if automatic routing does not work from PCB Editor. It’s a bit clumsier but gives better control over the process and makes it easier to experiment with different settings.

Note. At some point you may get a Licensing Error warning from PCB Router. Click Ignore

Feature for This Session if it appears.

1. Choose File  > Export  > Router from the menu bar of PCB Editor.  It asks you for a name for the Auto-Router Design file and you can probably accept the suggestion. Click Run.  You may be warned about overwriting the file, which isn’t a problem. A message Translation Completed should appear, after which you can close the box.

2. Start OrCAD  PCB  Router from the Windows Start  menu.  You are presented with the fairly complicated dialogue box shown in figure 15.  Use the Browse. . .  buttons to open the following two files.

Figure 15. Startup dialogue box for importing a design into PCB Router.


pcbrouter

Figure 16. Screenshot of PCB Router with the instrumentation amplifier. I have changed the background of the window to white for a clearer printout. This design uses different footprints and the diagonally hatched areas show route keepouts, where tracks are forbidden.

Figure 17. Settings in the Layers box for single-sided routing on the bottom layer and double-sided routing on both layers.

• For the Design / Session File (the first), choose the file that you just exported from

PCB Editor.

• For the Do File (the last), choose the file with _rules appended to the name of your board file.

Click Start  Allegro PCB  Router to dismiss the box. PCB Router starts and you should now see your components joined by the ratsnest within the outline of the route keepin as in figure 16. Some components have shaded footprints, which I’ll explain later.

3. Tell PCB Router to route only the bottom layer. Choose View > Layers. . .  from the menu bar. Turn routing off for the top layer by clicking on the drop-down menu next to TOP as shown in figure 17 and selecting the    symbol. You might like to experiment with the setting of the BOTTOM layer. The directions are hints to the router but in practice tracks are drawn in both directions. Click Close when you have finished.

4. Choose Autoroute > Route. . . .  Leave Smart selected and click OK. The autorouter works away and you will see Message: Smart_route finished, completion rate:  100.00% if all is well. The tracks should be in colour if they are routed successfully, yellow for the bottom. Sometimes they are drawn white, which should indicate a design rules error, even when they are correct – I don’t know why.

See the suggestions below if the autorouter is unable to route your board.

5. Two further commands improve the tracks for assembly. First choose Autoroute > Post Route > Spread Wires. . .  and accept the defaults. This spreads the tracks away from each other and from the solder pads.

6. You’ll have noticed that the autorouted board has 90° bends in the tracks, which I told you to avoid when you routed the board by hand. We’ll now sort this out. Run Autoroute

> Post Route > [Un]Miter Corners. . .  and accept the defaults. Corners are rounded off and tracks run diagonally where possible.

7. To see the details of the finished layout, choose Report > Route Status.  This may show a lot more than you want to know!  Look near the bottom and confirm that the Unconnected length  is zero. The Routed length  is also given here.

8. Choose File  > Quit. . .     and agree to Save and  Quit.   This writes a session file that describes the routed tracks.


pcbdesigner_page34_image1

Figure  18.  My one-sided layout after autorouting.  The total routed length was 29.300.  The footprints are not taken from the Cadence library.

9. Return to PCB Editor and choose File > Import  > Router. . . . Locate the Session  File whose name matches your board and click Run.  You should see a message Translation Completed. Close the box.

10. The window now shows your design with tracks instead of the ratsnest. Save it under a different name to preserve the unrouted board for later.